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4.3.2 Social computing and human–computer interaction.4.3.1 Computational science, finance and engineering.4.2.5 Computer security and cryptography.4.2.3 Concurrent, parallel and distributed computing.4.2.2 Computer architecture and organization.4.2 Computer systems and computational processes.4.1.4 Programming language theory and formal methods.The Turing Award is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science. The fundamental concern of computer science is determining what can and cannot be automated. Within artificial intelligence, computer vision aims to understand and process image and video data, while natural-language processing aims to understand and process textual and linguistic data. Artificial intelligence and machine learning aim to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, planning and learning found in humans and animals. Computer architecture describes the construction of computer components and computer-operated equipment.

Areas such as operating systems, networks and embedded systems investigate the principles and design behind complex systems. Human–computer interaction investigates the interfaces through which humans and computers interact, and software engineering focuses on the design and principles behind developing software. Programming language theory considers approaches to the description of computational processes, and database theory concerns the management of repositories of data. Computer graphics and computational geometry address the generation of images. The fields of cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communication and for preventing security vulnerabilities. The theory of computation concerns abstract models of computation and general classes of problems that can be solved using them. Īlgorithms and data structures are central to computer science. Computer science is generally considered an area of academic research and distinct from computer programming. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information.